Results for

Surface treatment - machinery and equipment - Import export

1,646 Companies

51 Products

Product recommendations

Germany

Germany

Portugal

Portugal

See more products

RIPPERT ANLAGENTECHNIK GMBH & CO. KG

Germany

Versatile systems engineering – environmentally friendly and safe. With its three business areas (paint finishing systems, filter units and industrial fans), Rippert Anlagentechnik GmbH und Co. KG. competes successfully on the market. For more than 45 years, the systems supplier has developed, produced and installed state-of-the-art, energy-saving systems for industrial customers around the world. The headquarters of the company, which is managed by Thomas Rippert, is located in Herzebrock-Clarholz in eastern Westphalia. Approximately 530 highly qualified employees manufacture bespoke high-tech products in this factory and in five other locations in Germany, Austria and the Netherlands.

See all products
MKV METALL- UND KUNSTSTOFFVERARBEITUNG GMBH

Germany

As a manufacturer of custom-produced plating and industrial plants, we have focused on individual planning and manufacturing tailored to customer and process specifications since the company was founded. Our work is shaped by our experience and extensive, detailed knowledge gained from decades of building systems for a wide variety of industries. After gradually expanding production, and following an extensive planning process, we built a new company facility at our headquarters in the Franconian town of Allersberg in the spring of 2016. We combined manufacturing areas previously housed in different buildings into one production facility almost 5, 000 sq.m in size. This allows us to optimize internal processes and shorten coordination channels. Today, our team is made up of around 70 qualified and ambitious specialists, supporting and serving our customers around the world. The broad scope of our production expertise gives us the best possible flexibility – from planning department drafts to on-site installation.

See all products
HPM TECHNOLOGIE GMBH

Germany

For 70 years now, the name of HPM Technologie has stood all over the world for the construction of highly modern plants in the area of minimum quantity spray application, trickling application and lubricants. Thanks to a modular set-up, our systems for universal use can be adapted individually to any task – for purposeful application of any fluids to surfaces or to three-dimensional bodies. HPM Technologie is now present everywhere that fluids are used in very small quantities. Wherever it is necessary to perfect work processes in manufacturing with the finest spray application or even with only one specifically applied drop of fluid. Nationally, internationally, in industry, in trade, in nearly all sectors. This is our job. We define it in short with three words: "spray", "drops", "fluids". However, three words are certainly not enough to give you a good overview. Although our work requires much more technical and technological expertise today than was the case 70 years ago, we would like to familiarise you with HPM Technologie and our range of products a little more with this catalogue. We are your contact partner from A to Z.

See all products
SIEMPELKAMP MASCHINENFABRIK GMBH

Germany

Proven Siempelkamp quality for your production project with almost unlimited possibilities. Siempelkamp Maschinenfabrik GmbH is the right partner when orders in contract manufacturing are to be processed promptly. Comprehensively equipped machinery and well-trained personnel form important foundations for this. We provide our customers with production capacities in the areas of welding, machining and assembly of around 400, 000 hours per year. Machining – from small to large. Deep hole drilling. Welded construction according to individual customer requirements. Complex assemblies.

All the products for "surface treatment - machinery and equipment"

Pre-Owned Machinery And Plants

Automation

See all products
VERFAHRENSTECHNIK HÜBERS GMBH

Germany

HÜBERS is one of the world's leading suppliers of machines and systems for resin casting and impregnation applications. The process technology for the preparation, mixing and dosing of epoxy, polyurethane and polyester resin systems as well as LSR and RTV silicones is a core part of our business. Our customers in the fields of electrical, electronics, medical, automotive and aerospace engineering, and other industries around the world manufacture different products on our systems – from diodes to high-voltage insulators. Since 1980 alone, more than 2, 800 machines and systems have been delivered to 60 countries. Since 1937 we have been providing maximum efficiency and 100 per cent quality for every production task – with our proven systems or customized new developments from our Technical Development Centre. Up to now, we have registered 100 utility models and patents.

All the products for "surface treatment - machinery and equipment"

Impregnation systems for cast metal parts

See all products

A page for your business

Can you see this? Your potential clients will too. Join us now so you too can be visible on europages

Add my business

DIENER ELECTRONIC GMBH & CO. KG

Germany

With 30 years of experience, Diener electronic‘s Plasma Surface Technology competence team as well as our cooperation partners in automation and implementation will show you individual ways to set up your planned production plant in a future-proof manner. As a global market leader, we have already sold more than 11, 000 systems worldwide. We offer the tailor-made solution for efficient processes in the fields of low- and atmospheric-pressure plasma systems as well as for parylene and vacuum systems. Let yourself be inspired by the possibilities we offer with our technologies and our unrivalled processes. We are looking forward to hearing from you! Comprehensive competence from one source Our customers benefit from the experience and know-how of dedicated employees as well as from state-of-the-art production equipment. Achieving success with advanced solutions At several locations in Baden-Württemberg, we develop and produce innovative solutions for economic, precise and environmentally friendly plasma treatment of surfaces – and we do this with enormous success. Since the company was founded, we have grown continuously and are now one of the leading manufacturers of plasma systems worldwide. Applications of our systems: Ultra-fine cleaning Surface activation, coating, etching Hydrophilic/hydrophobic coating Degassing / outgassing Height simulation Sensor calibration Leak test

All the products for "surface treatment - machinery and equipment"

Atmospheric Plasmasystem | PlasmaBeam Mini

Plasma-Surface-Treatment-System | Tetra 100

Atmospheric Plasmasystem | PlasmaBeam PC

Plasma-Surface-Treatment-System | Femto

Plasma-Surface-Treatment-System | Tetra 2800

See all products
VENJAKOB MASCHINENBAU GMBH & CO KG

Germany

The Venjakob group of companies plan, produce and install complete system solutions – from pretreatment followed by the painting process, conveyor and handling equipment through to drying and exhaust air filtering. Complete system solutions for surface engineering – coating systems for all sectors/materials: Cleaning / Pretreatment / Varnishing / Drying / Handling technology / Exhaust air purification. In order to achieve our goal of providing the highest levels of quality and customer satisfaction, we draw on the sound expertise of our employees and only use top quality purchased parts. Experienced specialist personnel develop and implement individual solutions for our customers, who hail from a wide variety of different sectors, in a timely manner. The quality work of Venjakob is reflected in comprehensive consultations, underpinned by a series of tests in our own technical centre and rounded off by assembly and commissioning carried out acording to schedule.

See all products
ENDUSTRI GM

Turkey

Endustri GM company was established in Istanbul, TURKEY in 1999. We manufacture for blasting and Painting Industry for worlwide market: ·Blasting& Painting Hall& Rooms (Any size), ·Industrial Dehumidifiers (200 m³/h - 50, 000 m³/h), ·Vacuum Cleaners and Recycling Systems (15 kW - 250 kW), ·Manual and Remote Controlled Blasting Pots, Silos (50 lt. - 20, 000 lt.), ·Shotblasting Machines (4turbines-24 turbines), ·Dust Collectors, Stationary and Mobile (7, 500 m³/h - 75, 000 m³/h), ·High Pressure Water Jet (300-1500bar), ·Stock Silos (1 t - 25 t), ·Air Receivers (1 m³ - 10 m³), ·Heaters (10 kW - 150 kW), ·After-coolers (2 m³/min - 40 m³/min), ·Paint Fume Suction Systems, ·Fans (7, 500 m³/h - 75, 000 m³/h),

All the products for "surface treatment - machinery and equipment"

Abrasive Recovery Machine

Sandblasting Facility

Abrasive Recovery Tower

Industrial Dehumidifier

See all products
AFS ENTWICKLUNGS + VERTRIEBS GMBH

Germany

Benefit from our experience and also our innovations that we have developed on the basis of over 30 years of the closest collaboration with customers. To make your investment as safe as possible, we particularly concentrate on reliability in the form of-cutting edge technology. Systems for smooth, continuous operation. What costs the most money is not the investment you make in a new AFS system but the cost of shutting down your production facility. Stainless steel, aluminium and ceramics only. AFS' design and construction concept does not involve plastic in systems. This results in extremely robust machines which have a long service life. All of the components are readily accessible and the system is optimally adapted to your application. Should you require any assistance, our global service team is ready to help with expert and straightforward advice. Guaranteed. AFS offers more than the legally required warranty and its warranty cover two entire years.

All the products for "surface treatment - machinery and equipment"

corona treatment system/ corona treater / plasma treatment

Ozone Catalyser

See all products
GEYSER LLC

Russia

Geyser LLC has been manufacturing blast cleaning equipment for metal products and test benches since 2010. Our parts cleaning machines efficiently remove oil products, dust, coolant-cutting fluids, composite materials, oil after die forming, preservative lubricants, polishing compounds, emulsions, sweat and grease deposits. Our company manufactures serial and special industrial washing facilities to clean parts with a weight of 40 g–20 t and benches to identify the equipment defects and test engines both of motorcycles, and large-sized special vehicles. Industrial cleaning washers manufactured by Geyser LLC facilitate automation of surface pretreatment and efficiently solve problems of treatment and scouring of steels and materials both at large industrial enterprises, and at small vehicle maintenance stations. The best results related to part cleaning are achieved due to the application of GeyserSpray washing technologies in washers designed by the company. Spare part washing machines and test benches manufactured by Geyser LLC are reliable, serviceable, and easy maintainable. Our washers may be used both individually, and as a part of the existing industrial conveyor. More than 800 industrial enterprises and 1, 100 service stations in Russia, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Belarus, and other countries have estimated the quality of Geyser’s equipment. Please feel free to contact us and we will help you to select optimal washing and test equipment suitable for your tasks.

All the products for "surface treatment - machinery and equipment"

Hydraulic tests stand

Conveyor (tunnel) washing machine

Industrial wash with manual adjustment

Top-loading industrial wash

See all products

«ROBOTKOMPLEKT» LLC (DKR GROUP)

Russia

ROBOTKOMPLEKT LLC (DKR GROUP) designs and supplies car wash equipment, provides outfitting and installation of self-service car washes for companies in Russia and countries of CIS. The company offers: •Development of projects, construction, commissioning, and installation supervision of self-service car washes in up to 3 weeks; •Production and delivery of equipment for car washes within 7 days; •Provision of an annual business development plan, marketing support, strategy of fast payback, proprietary software for tracking the facility's efficiency; •After-sales service, including 24/7 customer support after a car wash has been commissioned; maintenance crews are available all over Russia and CIS countries; •Retrofitting of the existing facilities with the advanced installations and equipment for car washes; •Technical maintenance training of a car wash staff for quick troubleshooting of minor problems. ROBOTKOMPLEKT LLC (DKR GROUP) has been erecting and commissioning car washes since 2016. The company is continuously designing and manufacturing new equipment at its own factory using high-quality European components, keeps creating new software and solutions to increase the profitability of its customers' activities. DKR car washes operate on proprietary software and have a uniform loyalty system to increase the profitability of your business. All car wash machines and car wash accessories manufactured by ROBOTKOMPLEKT LLC (DKR GROUP) are covered by a 12-month warranty.

See all products
FINEPART SWEDEN AB

Sweden

Micro Waterjet Machinery Beyond Cutting Edge Finepart develops and manufactures non-thermal micro waterjet cutter machines to facilitate new applications in miniature cutting with ultra-high precision, surface quality and efficiency. Our micro waterjet cutting technology, utilize high-pressure water to create an ultra thin stream diameter (0.2 mm) which means our Finecut micro waterjet can be used for ultra-high precision cutting of one hundredth of a millimeter with no requirement for second finish. This extremely precise cutting process offers an enormous variety of possible applications within industries that rely on ultra-high precision, surface and edge quality, and cost efficiency. The Finecut micro abrasive waterjet machines can offer what has previously not been feasible with conventional waterjet machines. The Finecut micro waterjets exist as 3 axis, 4 axis, and 5 axis waterjet solutions with a wide range of options that can optimize the waterjet machines for prototyping and volume production. All Finecut micro waterjets come with CAD/CAM software and easy to use operator panel that requires no CNC skills, which makes it easy to on-board new machine operators.

See all products

Product recommendations

Portugal

Portugal

Portugal

Portugal

See more products

URALGRIT

Russia

UralGRIT LLC manufactures mechanical abrasives – copper slag, nickel slag, powder for water jet cutting, and restoration powder under own trademark Uralgrit. Uralgrit’s materials are used for corrosion protection of any surfaces and performance of blast cleaning. All-purpose slags of Uralgrit are professional abrasives: -as opposed to silica sand, use of granulated slag is safe for sand blaster operators; -have wide range of particles consisting of 11 particles; -have minimum level of dust (weight content of particles with a weight less than 0.2 mm does not exceed 5 %); -have constant chemical composition. Below are the advantages of collaboration: -Possibility of copper slag and nickel slag manufacture with any particle size within 0.1–3.0 mm. -The manufacture is certified in accordance with standards ISO 11126-3, ISO 11126-5. -High performance and efficiency of abrasives for Uralgrit metal are confirmed by more than 30-years experience of use in the field of ship building, ship repair, bridge building, steel structure handling, oil and gas industry. -The company’s specialists will give advises related to anti-corrosion and select particles to ensure the required profiling. 3 production sites of Uralgrit are located in Russia. Uralgrit is the member of the Federation of European Producers of Abrasives (FEPA).

All the products for "surface treatment - machinery and equipment"

Nickel Slag 0,8-3,0 mm

Copper Slag 0,5-3,0 mm

Nickel Slag 0,5-1,5 mm

Copper Slag 0,2-1,6 mm

See all products
PRECISION MACHINING CONSULTANCY

Turkey

PMC offers cost-efficient manufacturing solutions to customers. PMC established strong partnerships with small and mid-size enterprises experts in their fields of interest, such as CNC machining, coating, painting, heat treatment, packing, NDT, marking, and so on in Turkey. Our partners have 25 years of average experience in their professions and are working for top defense industries in Turkey. We allow our customers to access talented production facilities in Turkey by ensuring high-quality production standards. PMC is responsible for managing projects, ensuring quality control, distributing work packages with the related partners, conducting tests, and communicating with the customer. PMC carry out FAI processes together with our customer or individually. Lastly, we package and ship our customers' products regarding incoterms agreed upon at the beginning of the order. The total closed areas our partners have is about 25000-meter square, and more than 160 employees are ready to serve. All of our partners have certificates that control the overall process in the field of quality management, environmental protection, and occupational health and safety management. EN 9100, ISO 9001, OHSAS 18001, and ISO 14001 are some common examples of these certificates. Now PMC offers you to attain these opportunities and have your parts/projects produced at a reasonable cost. We can serve you with confidence.
NANOCOM LLC

Russia

Nanocom LLC is a developer of high-performance technology for the synthesis of quasicrystalline powder (QC) AlCuFe; AlCuFe + B; AlCuFe + Si, develops industrial production and implementation QC in various fields. Application of quasicrystalline powder Al-Cu-Fe: Filler for polymers and elastomers to improve physical, mechanical and antifriction characteristics, wear resistance, hydrophobicity and adhesion. Significant increase in wear resistance in Teflon (PTFE), in Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS); Filler for polymer powders used in 3D printing, Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) additive manufacturing; Development of new composite materials and alloys with improved characteristics in comparison with the original; Reducing friction losses, increasing the service life of units and assemblies, increasing energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption of equipment as an additive in the lubrication systems of mechanisms; Creation of coatings: anti-friction, non-stick, anti-stick, hydrophobic, reducing the level of deposits and slagging of pipes and containers; Development of new catalysts for steam reforming of methanol and creation of new hydrogen storage systems; Making more efficient lithium-ion battery anodes; Making solar panels more efficient; Chlorella growth bioactivator, antibacterial materials. Nanocom holds a patent for the production method. A trial delivery of 100 g of powder for testing is possible. https: //quasicrystal.eu/

All the products for "surface treatment - machinery and equipment"

Quasicrystalline powder AlCuFe; AlCuFe + B; AlCuFe + Si

See all products
HÜPPE GMBH

Germany

HÜPPE is a medium-sized company with its headquarters in Bad Zwischenahn. With the development of the first shower cubicle in Germany in 1966, a totally new market segment emerged, which has been substantially further developed and shaped by HÜPPE to this day. As it went from a traditional German company to today's large international establishment, however, the focus shifted away from merely shower cubicles. Attractive shower areas and shower trays, varied wall coverings and impressive accessories. Today, we are at home anywhere in the world with our 22 subsidiaries, and conduct an open dialogue with our partners. We refine your components at the highest level. For years, HÜPPE has been using the company paint shop to coat coloured products not only from the sanitary industry – professionally and according to the latest standards. In addition to the refinement of our own projects, we also offer our coating expertise for your components and assemblies. Painting surfaces according to customer requests is a technique in its own right. Flawless results require expertise, experience and passion. We paint components and assemblies of all kinds for our customers. In addition to the standard colours, we are also happy to create special solutions such as special colour requests, surface effects or gloss levels for you. HÜPPE – your expert for the best possible surface quality with the longest durability.

All the products for "surface treatment - machinery and equipment"

HÜPPE Surface refirement

See all products
AUPUS EQUIPEMENTS

France

Aupus Equipements specialises in the design and installation of surface treatment lines, combined with formulation and sale of chemicals used for treatment of stainless steel and titanium. Firmly focused on innovation, we work on tomorrow's formulations in close cooperation with leading international universities. With 20 years' experience, we work with you to ensure the complete integration and commissioning of our treatment lines, in compliance with all applicable standards, and we will train you to perform the chemical procedures needed for your own applications. We offer a comprehensive solutions for industry, medical, aviation and nuclear applications. We provide you with all our specialist knowledge of numerous treatment methods, including passivation and stripping stainless steel and titanium, stripping titanium for anodisation, electrolytic polishing of stainless steel as well as electrolytes for anodisation of titanium.
ICE SONIC

Croatia

ICEsonic is manufacturing and exporting dry ice blasting (DIB) equipment worldwide. Dry ice blasting systems from ICEsonic, are the most cost effective in the industry in initial cost and in continued use. All ICEsonic machines are supplied with hose, gun and set of nozzles, and are ready to blast. Operational and service manual accompanies each machine. CE certificate and two years manufacturing warranty is issued for each ICEsonic DIB machine. Each dry ice blasting model is made from all stainless steel construction with superior components. High quality European engineering and manufacturing at a competitive price is our formula for your success. We build long term partnerships with all of our customers worldwide and back it up with first class after sales service. If we have enticed your interest, please visit our web site and send us your request.
PROTECHNOLOGY

Turkey

If your production is subject to any kind of surface treatment such as ‘cleaning’, ‘oil seperation’, ‘phosphatisation’ or any other surface operation, PROTECHnology can offer you the optimum engineering solutions in this regard.PROTECHnology offers its services to local and international companies in the automotive, white goods, machinery sectors and many more industries, as well as to firms operating in medical and health sectors. Conducting necessary studies and surveys on the premises and holding subsequent technical negotiatons PROTECHnology meets customer-specific requirements with a “cost-conscious” approach.PROTECHnology is available at all times to offer Co-Design and Engineering Services with its technical expertise and know-how in INDUSTRIAL SURFACE OPERATION issues.We transmitted our solid engineering, know-how and experience that we accumulated in over 15 years to our own corporation in 2006.
NINGBO QIANFENG MACHINERY COMPANY

China

We Ningbo Qianfeng Machinery Company are a professional manufacturer, supplier and exporter for all kinds of sandblasting equipments, covering from traditional Pressure feed sandblaster, Suction feed sandblaster to Automatic blasters, from Portable sand blaster, Shot sand blaster, Sandblast room to Dust-free complete system. We have passed the ISO 9001 Quality Management System Certification, relying on the good management, quality products and the after sale service, we have created good economic benefits and social benefits.We have strong capability of R&D, in the recent years we developed many new items according to the client requirement, and we'll definitely get more in next few years. We have reassuring product warranty. For the normal sand blasting series, we guarantee 2-years warranty, (except the DIY items, except the easily worn parts). Now we’re one of the leader manufacturers and suppliers in China for the sandblasting equipments.

PLASMATREAT US LP

United States

The future is plasma: Customized surface treatment with atmospheric pressure plasma. Atmospheric Openair® plasma treatment is the key technology for the ultrafine cleaning, surface activation, and plasma coating of almost all materials – plastics, metals, glass, cardboard, textiles, and composite materials. With Openair® plasma technology, plasma surface treatment can be integrated inline. This makes it possible to use cost-effective starting materials, to combine materials that were previously incompatible, and to implement high-efficiency, environmentally friendly manufacturing processes.
KROMAS MACHINE

Turkey

Kromas products are successfully used in more than 10.000 companies in 81 countries in 5 continents.More than 3000 surface finishing processes developed by Kromas are being successfully implemented, without alternatives.- Round Vibratory Machines- Multichannel Continuous Finishing Systems- Trough/Tub Vibratory Machines- Linear Tub Vibratory Machines- Vibratory and Belt Drying Machines- Centrifugal Disc Finishing Machines- Centrifugal Drying and Degreasing Machines- Surface Finishing Barrels- Surface Finishing Automation Systems- Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Recycling Systems
PLASMATREAT (UK) LTD.

United Kingdom

Atmospheric pressure plasma pretreatment is one of the most efficient plasma processes for cleaning, activating or coating plastics, metals, (e.g., aluminium), glass, recycled materials and composite materials.In comparison to low pressure plasma technology, no special chamber system is required when Openair® plasma technology is used.During ultrafine cleaning with Openair® plasma (plasma cleaning), surfaces are gently and safely cleaned of release agents and additives and sterilised (plasma sterilisation), while plasma activation makes later adhesion of glues and coatings possible. By using the nanocoating PlasmaPlus® (plasma coating), functionalised surface characteristics can also be produced that meet special product requirements.
POLYBELL INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD.

Taiwan R.O.C.

Vacuum Coating Technology and equipment: 1) Batch type vacuum coaitng machines2) Optical vacuum coating system 3) Dual door vacuum coating machine for surface decoration metallization4) Turnkey Solution 5) Dual door evaporation / sputtering coating systems 6) In-line sputtering system Plastic hard coating machine / Anti-fog coating machine / Coating service 1) Ultra-sonic cleaning machine 2) Hard coating machine 3) Preheating machine 4) Curing oven 5)Complete hard coating line OEM Service: A. Hard coating serviceB. High performance anti-fog coating service C Outside hard coating/ Inside anti-fog coating
ACE UNION INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD

China

A Singular Focus: Since its beginning, a singular focus has been made by The Ace Union Team: To service the world with solutions for Stainless Steel Treatment. With this ambition in mind, The Team has been putting all its energy in finding Better & Cost-Effective ways & Solutions to meet complex Needs for Stainless Steel Treatment. We serve the world presently with solutions in following aspects: 1): Stainless Steel Flat Surface Finishing Machinery & Sheets 2): Stainless Steel Fabrication Machinery 3): Stainless Steel Surface Finishing Material 4): Assistant Equipments for Machinery above
UK LINE MARKINGS

United Kingdom

We are on of the leading line marking and road surfacing contractors in Surrey and the surrounding areas. Our specialist team has many years of experience and provide a professional and affordable service to both the public and private sectors. Our line marking and surfacing contractors are qualified, trained and fully insured, have carried out specialist line marking and civil engineering projects of all sizes across Surrey and beyond. From surfacing to resurfacing, pothole repairs and dropped kerbs, our qualified team can be trusted to build and repair your roads, car parks, forecourts and school playgrounds using the best materials, equipment and techniques.
SLF OBERFLÄCHENTECHNIK GMBH

Germany

Our systems technology is designed for individual, user-oriented surface finishing of workpieces. SLF has therefore evolved into an effective manufacturer, providing blasting, paint and conveyor technology solutions for large components. As a result, our systems technology can be found in well-known machinery construction plants and steelworks, in shipyards, at vehicle and railcar manufacturing plants, as well as in foundries and wind power plant manufacturers.
ASTER SRL

Italy

ASTER produces industrial washing machines for metals, solvent distillers, test chambers for evaluating dust, water & salt spray IP protection, as per IEC EN 60529 DIN 40050. Washing distillation testing. Metal washing, distillers, test chambers, washing and degreasing of small mechanical parts.
AVALUXE INTERNATIONAL GMBH

Germany

We are a young, rapidly expanding business. Our main area of activity is trading in metals for various hi-tech applications and accessories. This includes planar targets, round and pipe targets, arc cathodes and evaporation materials. We additionally offer services (recycling, precious metal recycling, precision cleaning, surface treatment, bonding, analysing materials) and technologies (sputter magnetrons, process control, power supply).
CABYCAL S. L.

Spain

Company specialising in the development of solutions for production processes for the treatment and painting of surfaces. Automatic installations for treatment and application of paint: powder paint, liquid paint. Electrophoresis and anaphoresis paint installations. Static paint installations.